Chapter 18 Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa

I.
A. The period 1750–1900 saw a second, distinct phase of European colonial conquest.
  1. focused on Asia and Africa
  2. was not demographically catastrophic like the first phase  3. was affected by the Industrial Revolution  4. in general, Europeans preferred informal control 
  1. India : grew from interaction with European trading firms
  2. most of Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific islands: deliberate conquest
  1. some groups and individuals cooperated willingly with their new masters 
  1. in the new colonial empires, race was a prominent point distinguishing rulers from the ruled 

B. The establishment of the second-wave European empires was based on military force or the
threat of using it.

  1. They had a lot of advantages in weapons technology (ex:machine guns)
  2.multiple wars of conquest

C. Becoming a colony happened in a many ways.
              -assisted by small and rival states
              - “the scramble for Africa” was based on inter-European rivalry (25yrs)

D. Asian and African societies generated a wide range of responses to the European threat. 
II.

A. European takeover traumatic for colonized peoples 
               -the loss of life and property was devastating.

  1. disruption of natural harmonies of life
B. Cooperation and Rebellion

              - elite often kept much of their status and privileges
                                   -shortage of European administrators made it necessary to rely on them 

  2. governments and missionaries promoted European education
               -overtime governments relied on them
  3. periodic rebellions
                -the Indian Rebellion (1857–1858); began as a mutiny among Indian troops

                -widened India’s racial divide

C. Colonial Empires with a Difference
  2. racism in areas with a large number of European settlers (ex:S Africa)
III.

A. Colonial rule had a deep impact on people’s ways of working.
  1. world economy increasingly demanded Asian and African raw materials 
  2. subsistence farming diminished 

                  -need to sell goods for money to pay taxes
                  -desire to buy new products

  3. Europeans squeezed out Asian and African merchants
In class:

• this was the 2nd wave of colonial conquest (AM. was 1st)
• Anglosphere
• Siam/Thailand: not colonized but believed in European Superiority 
• selling out ones own culture/embracing a successful strategy
• impact:
• culture
• lang.
• clothing
• politcal system
• democracy
• human rights
• economic system
• capitalism
• trade
• Ottoman Empire/Turkey
• reform------>modernization & westernization
• Yes:
• Young Turks
• radical secularization 
• edu
• courts
• rights for women
• No:
• preserve own culture/religion