Chapter 22

I. Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence

A.The End of Empire in World History

•  The new forces of nationalism, national self-determination, and the nation-state
•  Suddenly empires became illegitimate

 B.Explaining African and Asian Independence

•  Contradictions of the colonial empires
•  A new international climate after WWII
•  New elites challenge colonial rule

 II. Comparing Freedom Struggles

A.The Case of India: Ending British Rule

• Indian National Congress, 1885
•  WWI impact
•  Mohandas Gandhi
•  All-India Muslim League, 1906
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Pakistan
• Partition, 1947

 B.The Case of South Africa: Ending Apartheid

• Independence but white minority rule, 1910
• British and Boers/Afrikaners
•  A mature industrial economy using low-paid black labor
• Pass Laws and Bantustans
• African National Congress, 1912
• National Party’s Apartheid, 1948
• CCP triumphant in 1949
• A turn toward armed struggle in the 1960s
• International pressure
• 1994 elections
• Continued violence
• Nelson Mandela

 III.Experiments with Freedom

A. Experiments in Political Order: Party, Army, and the Fate of Democracy

• Democracy in India but not so much elsewhere
• Economic failure and ethnic conflict in Africa
• Army rule pushes aside weak civilian party politics
• Leftist politics and military coups in Latin America
• Allende, the CIA, and Pinochet in Chile
• Transitions to democracy 

B. Experiments in Economic Development: Changing Priorities, Varying Outcomes

• Overcoming poverty
• Obstacles for the Global South
• Disagreements in the field of “development economics”
• Role of the state
• Participation in the world market
• Very uneven results in the Global South

C.Experiments with Culture: The Role of Islam in Turkey and Iran

• Cultures of tradition and cultures of modernity
• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: Modern, secular, and nationalist
• Politics of Islam, dress, and gender
• Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s secular modernization
• Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini’s Islamic republic
• Cultural revolution in favor of tradition