CH 17 Industrial Revolution

Fast rate of technological innovation, lead to increase in output of goods/services.

• new energy sources (ex:steam engines)
• cultural inovation

before 1750/1800 most Euro countries were equal in technological innovations 

• biggest innovation steam engine
• transition to other types of production
• agriculture transformed

Britain ------->Western Europe-------->United States-------->Russia-------->Japan

many argue why industrialization appeared in Great Britain 1st, and why in the late19th centuryother parts of the world flourished in technological and scientific advancements 

fast spread of industrial techniques 

Industrial Revolution seen as a rather quick and as an unexpected eruption (1750–1850)
European internal development favored innovation, rulers had an unusual alliance with merchant classes and other societies developed market-based economies by the eighteenth century 

Europe, center of the most varied exchange network
involved with different peoples thats encouraged change and innovation
Americas gave silver, raw materials, and foods
Britain most commercialized European country

had industrial workers with few options 

British aristocrats were interested in commerce
British commerce was worldwide
British political life encouraged commercialization and economic innovation
policy of religious toleration (est. 1688) welcomed people with tech skills no matter of what
faith
British government imposed tariffs to protect businessmen
easy way to make companies/forbid unions
unified internal market, thanks to road and canal system
patent laws protected inventors’ interests
checks on royal authority gave more room for private enterprise
emphasis of the Scientific Revolution was different in Great Britain

• on the continent: logic, deduction, mathematical reasoning
• in Britain: observation and experiment, measurement, mechanical devices, practical applications  
• in Britain, artisan/craftsman inventors were in close contact with scientists and entrepreneurs
• the British Royal Society took the role of promoting “useful knowledge”

Britain had plenty of coal and iron ore, often conveniently located 8. Britain was not devastated by the Napoleonic wars
social change was possible without revolution
There was a massive increase in output as industrialization took hold in Britain.
rapid development of railroad systems
the middle classes had biggest gains of industrialization
upper middle class: became wealthy and bought into aristocratic life 

middle class: large numbers of smaller businessmen and professionals

•  politically liberal
• stood for thrift, hard work, rigid morals, and cleanliness

nineteenth century------>about 70% of Brits were workers 

laboring classes suffered most/benefited least from industrialization 

rapid urbanization

• a majority of Britain’s population was urban
• London was the largest city in the world (6 million) 
•  horrible urban conditions
• overcrowding
• poor sanitation and water supplies 
• epidemics
• few public services/open spaces
•  little contact between the rich and the poor

industrial factories offered a very different work environment

• long hours, low wages, and child labor were typical for the poor
• direct supervision/discipline
• industrial work was insecure
• many girls and young women worked

Workers wrecked machinery and burned mills
some joined political movements, aimed to enfranchise working-class men
trade unions legalized (1824)

• growing numbers of factory workers joined them 
• fought for better wages and working conditions 
• at first, upper classes feared them socialist ideas spread gradually

CHAPTER 16 Atlantic Revolutions

Atlantic revolutions  (affected the world globally)
1. costly wars that put strains on European states were global rather than regional 
2. the revolutions were closely linked to one another 

Global impact:
1.abolitionism
2.suffrage 
3.constitutions
4.feminism 
5.nationalism
6.equality 

The North American Revolution (1775–1787)

• the American Revolution was conservative  
• differences of England and North American colonies:
• Britain made out to control colonies/get more revenue (1760s) 
• British North America was revolutionary for society already emerged, not for the revolution itself
• many Americans believed they were creating a new world order

The French Revolution (1789–1815)

• many French soldiers fought w/ American revolutionaries
• French government was bankrupt
• Estates General convened in (1789) 3rd estate representatives broke out/declared 
• themselves National Assembly
• unlike the American Revolution, the French were driven by social conflicts 
• Enlightenment ideas gave  language to make out grievances
• French Revolution: violent, farreaching, and radical
• efforts to create a wholly new society
• French Revolution influences spread through conquest

The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)

• Saint Domingue-French Caribbean colony
• French Revolution sparked a spiral of violence 
• the result was a unique revolution (the only successful slave revolt in world history) 
• destructiveness of revolution led to poverty and unstable politics
• Haiti’s success generated great hope/fear

Spanish American Revolutions (1810–1825)

• Latin American inspired by earlier movements
• native-born elites (creoles) were offended at the Spanish 
• monarchy’s efforts to control them in the eighteenth century
• Latin American independence movements were limited at first
• Creole elites had revolution thrust upon them by events in Europe
• gaining independence took longer than in North America
• leaders of independence movements appealed to the lower classes in terms of nativism: all free people born in the Americas were Americanos
• women gained little from the independence struggle
• proved impossible to unite the various Spanish colonies, unlike the United States
• after Latin America gained independence relationship with North America was   gradually reversed

         

Foundresses Week

During Foundresses Week  was sick and was unable to go to any event for it. I did however talk to some of my friends that got to go on the tour on Thursday with the rest of the World History II Spring Semester class. They said they went to the church and saw it in a whole new light after that day. Before to them it had just been any other church, but after that experience it was something so much more than a church. They said the way the Sister was able to describe everything was amazing. Everything she said held passion and wisdom. When she described the windows one of my friends said they were really interested. The windows are a beautiful stained glass. Each window can tell a different story. On the windows were the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur. My friend said she found it really amazing being surrounded by so many brave and inspiration women. The Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur were some of the most selfless and passionate women I have ever heard about. Our school was founded on the principles and values that the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur held. The main thing the Sisters wanted was to educated and that is what our school was founded on. Not only that we have the Hallmarks of Notre Dame de Namur that were given to us from the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur. There are seven hallmarks, 

1. We proclaim by our lives even more than by our words that God is good.
2. We honor the dignity and sacredness of each person.
3. We educate for and act on behalf of justice and peace in the world.
4. We commit ourselves to community service.
5. We embrace the gift of diversity.
6. We create community among those with whom we work and with those we serve.
7. We develop holistic learning communities which educate for life.

These seven Hallmarks are integrated into everything we do at this school. And I find it cool how classes use the Hallmarks without even trying to sometimes.

CH 15 CULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS- RELIGION AND SCIENCES (1450-1750)

• Today Christians from Asia, Africa, and Latin America conduct missionary work in Europe and North America.

• this marks a remarkable reversal of an earlier pattern

• today more than 60% of Christians live outside of Europe and North America 

• out of Europe came two developments during the early modern period

• Christianity became a global presence

• the Scientific Revolution fostered a different approach to the world

• Europeans were central players in these developments but did not act alone

• peoples who converted shaped Christianity

• science also met with varying receptions in other regions of the globe 

• In 1500, Christianity was mostly limited to Europe.

• small communities in Egypt, Ethiopia, southern India, and Central Asia

• serious divisions within Christianity (Roman Catholic vs. Eastern Orthodox) 

• on the defensive against Islam

• loss of the Holy Land by 1300

• fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 

• Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1529

• Conversion and Adaptation in Spanish America

• process of population collapse, conquest, and resettlement made Native Americans receptive to the conquering religion

• Europeans claimed exclusive religious truth, tried to destroy traditional religions instead of accommodating them

• occasional campaigns of destruction against the old religions 

• some overt resistance movements

• blending of two religious traditions was more common

• local gods (huacas) remained influential

• immigrant Christianity took on patterns of pre-Christian life

•  Christian saints took on functions of pre-colonial gods

•  leader of the church staff (fiscal) was a prestigious native who carried on the role of earlier religious specialists 

• Catholic Church strenuously opposed much of this thinking

• burning of Giordano Bruno in 1600 for proclaiming an infinite universe

• Galileo was forced to renounce his belief that the earth moved around an orbit and rotated on its axis

• but no early scientists rejected Christianity 

• Ideas shape peoples’ mental or cultural worlds and influence behavior

• The development of early modern ideas took place in an environment of great cultural borrowing. 

CH 14-Economic Transformation:

Commerce and Consequence

       

         The three main things we learned about in this chapter are the Spanish in South America, the Portuguese in the Caribbean, and the British in North America. The Spanish was only there due to exploring. Most of the labor was preformed by the native people of South America. They had families with Native women and had many categories of mixed rare people. They were there for silver. The Portuguese were also in the Caribbean due to their exploring. They to didn't intend to stay. Initially they had the native people preform the labor. Later they got African slaves to do labor for them. They had the most African slaves. They made families with both native women and African women. The Portuguese were there for sugar. The British were in North America due to exploring, but unlike the other groups they initially fully intended to stay in the land they had discovered. Labor was preferred by indentured servants. These are people who probably wanted to go to the Americas but couldn't afford the trip so paid with the only thing they had, their lives. They would give off a fraction of their lives just to get to see and to experience this new world. They also had native people do the labor work as well. They were treated terribly and did not sign up for the abuse. Later the work became to much and more laborers were needed. They then started using African slaves. 

        African slaves were also treated badly and weren't even seen as human to the British people. They had the second most African slaves. They made family with other European woman. They believed it was unsure to mix the blood. If they did have a child with a native american or and african slave they just didn't claim it as their own.  The British were there for many reasons, but it was mostly for the land itself. The Americas was in a great location for trade.The new worlds were basically built off of slavery. At the time, the people made reasons as to why slavery was needed or why it was morally okay. Slavery was mostly used for the slaves to do the jobs that the main people found to difficult or to petty for them to do themselves. They consider the slaves to not even be people. In a sense I guess that made it easier for them to do this terrible thing. For the most part the Africans didn't  give their own people up. The African slaves were forced out of their homeland by these people to do their dirty work. I always found this so appalling to learn about because they dehumanized a whole race. 

• The Atlantic slave trade was and is enormously significant. 
• The slave trade was only one part of the international trading networks that shaped the world between 1450 and 1750. 
• Europeans broke into the Indian Ocean spice trade 
• American silver allowed greater European participation in the commerce of East Asia 
• fur trapping and trading changed commerce and the natural environment 
• Europeans were increasingly prominent in long-distance trade, but other peoples were also important
• Commerce and empire were the two forces that drove globalization between 1450 and1750. 
• Europeans for the first time operated on a global scale, forging new trade networks across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
• They also facilitated the full integration of fur- supplying regions into wider trade networks.
• But in other ways, the Europeans assimilated older patterns, as in the Indian Ocean, where they sought to dominate previously established trade routes, and they continued to trade many of the same products. 

From your shirt I think you went to London.